蹄蝠科 Hipposideridae (Sub-family of Chiroptera)

Hipposideridae 源于希腊语ἵππος（híppos,"马"）和希腊语σῐ́δηρος（sídēros,"铁,铁器"）,意为 "马蹄形",指的是该科成员的吻部呈马蹄形.

Hipposideridae, from Greek ἵππος (híppos, “horse”) and Greek σῐ́δηρος (sídēros, “iron, iron tool”), means “horseshoe”, in reference to the fact that the snout of the members of this family have a horseshoe appearance.

種的俗名 Common names of members

旧世界叶鼻蝠、马蹄蝠、三叉鼻蝠、圆叶蝠.

Old World leaf-nosed bats, horseshoe bats, trident-nosed bats, roundleaf bats.

分佈 Distribution

分布于非洲、亚洲和澳大利亚的热带和亚热带地区,以及新几内亚和所罗门群岛.

Found in the Neotropics, Afrotropics, southern Asia, Australia and South Pacific islands.

體型 Size

牠们的体长为 3 至 11 公分,体重为 3 至 110 克.

They reach a body length of 3 to 11 cm and a weight of 3 to 110 grams

形態描述 Morphology

牠们的主要特征是鼻子的形状.鼻叶由前面的马蹄形突起和后面的垂直叶片组成,很多种类的鼻叶分为三片,形似三叉戟.这种结构与大多数通过鼻子发出超声波的蝙蝠一样,用于发出或放大回声定位所需的超声波.在许多物种中,雄性蹄蝠的鼻叶后面有一个囊状腺体,能分泌蜡状分泌物.被毛颜色从橘红色到棕色和灰黑色不等；在某些物种中,雌雄的被毛颜色或鼻叶形状存在差异.

They are mainly characterized by the shape of their snout. The nasal leaf consists of a horseshoe-shaped protuberance in front and a vertical leaf behind it, which in many species is divided into three and resembles a trident. This structure, like most bats that emit ultrasonic calls through their noses, is used to emit or amplify ultrasonic sounds needed for echolocation. In many species, males have a sac-shaped gland behind the nasal leaf that secretes a waxy secretion. The coat color varies from reddish-orange to brown and grayish black; in some species the sexes differ in terms of coat color or nose leaf shape.

生態及棲息地 Habitat & Ecology

雨林、灌木林、热带草原和其他热带环境.洞穴、岩石缝隙、建筑物、树洞或豪猪等其他动物的洞穴都是牠们的栖息地.

Rainforests, shrublands, savannahs and other tropical environments. Caves, rock crevices, buildings, tree hollows or burrows of other animals such as porcupines serve as roosting places.

食性 Diet

牠们的食物几乎全是昆虫,如甲虫、白蚁或蟑螂.

Their diet consists almost exclusively of insects, such as beetles, termites or cockroaches.

繁殖 Reproduction

大多数蝙蝠物种都是一雄多雌,即一只雄性蝙蝠与多只雌性蝙蝠交配,但也有多雄多雌,即多只雄性蝙蝠与多只雌性蝙蝠交配.雌性负责大部分的育儿工作.雄性负责喂养和保护幼崽.刚出生的蝙蝠不会飞,所以牠们会呆在窝里或爬到母亲身上.通常 2-4 周后牠们就能飞了.

Most bat species are polygynous, where one male mates with multiple females, but there are polygynandry systems too, where multiple males mate with multiple females. Females are responsible for most of the parenting care. Males responsible for feeding and protecting young. Newborn bats cannot fly so they stay in the dwell or climb on their mothers. Usually they can fly after 2-4 weeks.